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| Common problems and elimination methods of aluminum processing |
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Posted by: aluhm - 02-25-2018, 07:00 AM - Forum: Knowledge & Technique
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Professional knowledge of aluminum processing and production:
1. Causes and elimination methods of extruded product bubbles and peeling defects?
Bubble or peeling: a convex bubble on the surface of the product, usually seen in the head and tail, complete with a bubble, and a broken bark.
(1) extruded product bubbles and the causes of peeling.
extrusion cylinder, pressure pad wear out-of-tolerance, extrusion cylinder and the pressure pad size mismatch, and at the same time using two diameter difference exceeds allowable values of gasket;
The extrusion cylinder and the extrusion pad are too dirty, with oil, water, graphite, etc.
The lubricating oil contains water;
There is too much spatula on the surface, too deep; The surface of cast ingots has pores, sand holes, loose tissue and oil, etc.
... When replacing the alloy, the tube is not cleaned;
The temperature of the extruded cylinder and the temperature of the extruded ingot are too high;
‡ ingot casting temperature, size more than allow the negative deviation;
ˆ ingot is too long, fill quickly, ingot casting temperature, cause the drum fills, and so are not entirely within the cylinder exhaust, or improper operation, not execute exhaust process;
The design of the die is not reasonable, or the residual material is improper. The residual material in the shunt hole and the guide hole is partially brought out.
(2) the method of eliminating bubble and peeling of products.
container and dummy blocks with the size of the reasonable design; Check the size of the tool regularly to ensure that it meets the requirements. The extruded cylinder should be repaired in time, and the extrusion pad should not be too poor.
The surface of the caster is clean, smooth and dry.
When the alloy is replaced, the cylinder is completely cleaned;
... frequently check equipment and equipment to prevent excessive temperature and speed;
... Strict implementation of technical procedures and systems;
† reasonable design, manufacturing mold, diversion hole and diversion hole design into 1 ° ~ 3 ° slope;
‡ operation strictly, shearing residual material correctly and completely exhaust.
2. Causes and elimination methods of extrusion crack defects of extruded products?
Crush crack: the jagged (periodic), cracking or tearing of the edge of the extruded material or the thickness difference. Macroscopic and microscopic observation shows that there are more cracks at regular intervals, and the high strength aluminum alloy is prone to this cracking. When the extrusion temperature or extrusion speed is high, the extrusion material is embrittled at high temperature, and the angular radius is easy to produce.
(1) the cause of extrusion cracking of extrusion products.
extrusion wool temperature too high;
It's squeezing too fast;
The throttle valve is out of control;
The list of heating furnace fails;
... When the hole is extruded, the hole arrangement is too close to the center, so that the center metal supply is insufficient, so that the center and the side flow velocity are very different.
The design of the mold is not good;
‡ ingot homogenizing annealing is bad.
(2) elimination method of extruded product extrusion crack.
reduce extrusion temperature and extrusion speed;
To ensure the normal operation of the instrument and equipment;
The design of the mould design and elaboration, especially the transverse bridge, welding room and corner radius, should be reasonable. The edge radius of the extruded part is as large as possible;
... reduce Na content in high Mg alloys;
... The ingot is homogenized and improves the plasticity and uniformity.
3. Causes and elimination methods of shrinkage defects of extruded products?
The tail is the surface layer of the billet and the dirt attached to the extruded cylinder, or the lubricant, and the defects formed in the extrusion in the late extrusion. Metal discontinuous defects mostly ring or funnel-shaped. Because it is an internal defect, it can be found after corrosion. The shape of the extruded material is different and different, but most of them occur in the ring and the central part, and there is also the formation of tubular hollow holes. At the end of the extrusion, the center part of the billet gives priority to the surface layer of the billet. „
(1) the causes of the compression of the extrusion products.
scrap leave too short;
The end velocity is too fast or sudden;
The surface of the cast ingots is not clean, there is oil pollution, and there is no net segregation of the car.
The temperature of the extrusion cylinder is too high;
... The extrusion cylinder and the extrusion shaft are not correct;
The inner liner is not smooth or deformed in the extrusion cylinder, and the lining is not cleaned in time.
‡ dummy blocks size bad cooperation, gasket not cooling, surface with oil pollution or gasket anointed with oil.
(2) the elimination method of extruding products.
leave residual material according to the rules and cut the tail;
Keep the mould clean and clean;
To improve the surface quality of ingots;
The extrusion temperature and speed should be controlled reasonably, and the extrusion should be smooth.
... In addition to special cases, it is strictly prohibited to apply oil on the surface of the mold or mold.
The die gasket is cooled properly.
4. Causes and elimination methods for the defect of the extruded product?
Coarse grain ring: some aluminum alloy products from the low power inspection after quenching treatment, on the face grain sizes and grain surrounding the special thick, the defects of annular organization, the more close to the end of the greater depth of coarse grain ring.
(1) the causes of the extrusion of coarse crystal rings.
Uneven extrusion deformation, metal extrusion wall friction, deformation degree, grain serious breakage and heat treatment heating surface grain grew up and became thicker significantly;
The quenching temperature is too high or the heat preservation time is too long;
It is related to alloy composition and ingot.
(2) the elimination method of extruded product's coarse crystal ring.
extrusion cylinder wall smooth, form a complete set of aluminum, reduce the friction when extrusion;
The deformation is as uniform as possible (control temperature, speed, etc.);
Avoid quenching temperature too high;
() extruded by porous mold;
... Extrusion with anti-extrusion and hydrostatic extrusion;
The composition of alloy was adjusted to increase the recrystallization inhibition element.
‡ using high temperature extrusion;
ˆ some alloy homogenization processing, coarse grain ring shallow during extrusion.
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| ALUMINUM TEMPER DESIGNATIONS |
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Posted by: aluhm - 02-25-2018, 06:53 AM - Forum: Knowledge & Technique
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The temper designation follows the alloy code and is separated by a hyphen.
-F As Fabricated: Applies to products of rolling or forming where there is no special control over the thermal or work-hardening conditions. Since mechanical properties may vary widely, no limits have been assigned. This temper usually applies to sheet products which are at intermediate stages of production.
-H Strain-Hardened: Applies to wrought products which are strengthened by cold-rolling or cold-working.
-O Annealed: Applies to wrought products which have been heated above the recrystallization temperature to produce the lowest tensile strength condition of the alloy.
DESIGNATIONS OF THE –H STRAIN HARDENED TEMPERS
The First Digit
There are three different methods used to achieve the final temper of strain hardened material.
–H1 Strain Hardened Only: Applies to products which are strain hardened to obtain the desired strength level without any subsequent thermal treatment.
–H2 Strain Hardened And Partially Annealed: Applies to products that are strain hardened to a higher strength level than desired, followed by a partial anneal (or “back anneal”) which reduces the strength to the desired level.
–H3 Strain Hardened And Stabilized: This designation only applies to magnesium-containing alloys which gradually age- soften at room temperature after strain hardening. A low temperature anneal is applied which stabilizes the properties.
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| The Benefits of Aluminum |
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Posted by: aluhm - 02-25-2018, 06:52 AM - Forum: Knowledge & Technique
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- Aluminum is a light metal, about the third of the density of steel, copper, and brass.
- Aluminum has good corrosion resistance to common atmospheric and marine atmospheres. Its corrosion resistance and scratch resistance can be enhanced by anodizing.
- Aluminum has high reflectivity and can be used for decorative applications.
- Some aluminum alloys can match or even exceed the strength of common construction steel.
- Aluminum retains its toughness at very low temperatures, without becoming brittle like carbon steels.
- Aluminum is a good conductor of heat and electricity. When measured by equal cross-sectional area, electrical grade aluminum has conductivity which is approximately 62% of electrical grade annealed copper. However, when compared using equal weight, the conductivity of aluminum is 204% of copper.
- Aluminum is readily worked and formed using a wide variety of forming processes including deep- drawing and roll forming.
- Aluminum is non-toxic and is commonly used in contact with foodstuffs.
- Aluminum can be readily recycled.
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| Mechanical properties and common terminology of aluminum alloy |
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Posted by: haomeialu - 02-25-2018, 06:50 AM - Forum: Knowledge & Technique
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1, the intensity
Strength is the ability of metal materials to resist permanent deformation and fracture under external forces. It is commonly used in engineering to indicate that the strength of metal material has yield strength and tensile strength.
Yield strength is the limit of yield when metal materials yield, which is the stress of resistance to microplastic deformation.
The delta S = Fs/AO
Fs-- the maximum external force (N) when the sample yields the yield phenomenon
AO-- the original sectional area (mm2)
Delta S- yield strength (Mpa)
Tensile strength refers to the maximum stress the metal material can bear before pulling out.
FO-- the maximum external force before fracture (N)
AO-- the original sectional area (mm2)
Delta b- tensile strength (Mpa)
2. Elongation
The elongation ratio mainly measures the plastic properties of the material, i.e. the properties of permanent deformation without fracture.
The delta = (L - L0)/L0 * 100%
The delta - elongation
L0-- the original length of the sample.
L-- the length of the specimen after tensile fracture.
3, hardness
The ability of metal materials to resist the pressure of other harder objects is called hardness, or the resistance of the material to local plastic deformation. Therefore, hardness and strength have a certain relationship. According to the determination method of hardness, the most commonly used hardness values are  1) brinell hardness (code HB), (2) rockwell hardness (HRC); HRB), (3) vickers hardness (code HV), (4) weber hardness (code name HW). There is a certain conversion relationship between each hardness index, such as rockwell hardness HRC and brinell hardness HB: 1HRC is approximately 0.1hb.
4. Fatigue strength
Metal materials in the long-term repeated stress or under the action of alternating stress (stress generally are less than the yield limit of the delta S strength), the significant deformation occurs fracture phenomenon called fatigue or fatigue fracture.
5. Elastic modulus.
This is material on the elastic limit stress sigma and strain within the scope of the delta (corresponding to the stress deformation) ratio, expressed in E, unit of MPa (MPa) : E = sigma/delta tg = alpha type of alpha for tensile test curve o - E line and horizontal axis o - Angle x. Elastic modulus is the index that reflects the rigidity of metal materials (the ability to resist elastic deformation when metal materials are stressed is called rigidity).
6. Internal stress
The force on the sectional area of an object is called stress. Stress is called the working stress caused by external force, under the condition of without external force known as the internal stress of balances the object interior stress (such as stress, thermal stress, residual stress after the machining process of the... Etc.).
7. Stress annealing.
Stress annealing is also known as low temperature annealing (or high temperature tempering). This annealing is mainly used to eliminate residual stresses in castings, forgings, welding parts, hot rolled parts, cold drawing pieces and so on. If these stresses are not eliminated, the material will cause deformation or crack in the subsequent machining process after a certain period of time.
8. Solid solution heat treatment.
The alloy is heated to a high temperature single phase zone constant temperature, so that the excess phase is fully dissolved in the solid solution and then quickly cooled to obtain the heat treatment process of the supersaturated solid solution. Objective: to dissolve various phases in alloy, strengthen solid solution, improve toughness and corrosion resistance, stress and softening, so as to continue processing or forming.
9. Aging treatment
The metal workpiece after quenching should be kept at room temperature or high temperature to improve the metal heat treatment process. The aging treatment at room temperature is natural aging; The aging treatment at higher temperature is artificial aging. In mechanical production, the casting is usually placed at room temperature for a long time in order to stabilize the casting size. This measure is also known as aging. But this limitation does not belong to metal heat treatment process.
10. Conductivity and conductivity.
The resistance value of the unit cross-sectional area and the unit length metal conductor is called the volume resistivity (the resistivity), also known as the resistivity, denoted by the symbol P, and the unit is ohm. Mm 2/ m; The reciprocal of the volume resistivity is called the volume conductivity (the conductivity), also known as the conductivity factor, and the unit is msi /m (MS/m). The percentage of the conductivity of the sample and the ratio of a standard value is called the conductivity of the sample.
In 1913, the international annealing copper standard was determined: the use of the annealed copper wire with a density of 8.89 g/cm, with a length of 1 m, a weight of 1g and a resistance of 0.15328 ohm as the measurement standard. Under the temperature of 200 c, the resistance coefficient of the annealed copper wire is 0. 0172411 ohm. Was/m (or conductivity of 58.0 MS/m) determined to be 100% IACS (international standard annealed copper), the conductivity of the its him any material (% IACS) are available under the type of computing: conductivity (% IACS) = 0.017241 / P * 100% or conductivity (% IACS) = P / 58.0 * 100%.
11. SGS report
SGS is a third-party certification body, on the material chemical composition and mechanical properties for the third party inspection report, it can make management system certification, such as inspection, also can do product certification (can send CE, GS certificate), moreover is a chemical test. It usually takes 7 working days to do SGS chemical test.
Misunderstanding of SGS report:
A, "SGS report" is only test report, namely test report, not the ROHS certificate issued by SGS institution.
B. The "SGS report" is only responsible for the reliability of the data of the test items mentioned in the samples, but not in accordance with the ROHS directive.
C. The "SGS report" is permanent and valid for the data of the test items mentioned in the sample.
D, "SGS report" is not only "lead-free test".
E, "SGS" is the abbreviation of Societe Generale DE Surveillance S.A., which is translated as "general public license bank", and "SGS report" is not the only agency required to be tested by ROHS directive; There is also the report of ITS report, CQC report.
F and "SGS report" not only carry out the 6 items required by ROHS directive, but also carry out "environmental hazardous substances" detection, safety test and others listed in national regulations; SGS does not equal RoHS. The place to fill RoHS cannot be filled into SGS.
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| Defects in aluminum alloy material |
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Posted by: aluhm - 02-25-2018, 06:47 AM - Forum: Knowledge & Technique
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1 size error due to the unreasonable mold design or manufacturing error, improper extrusion technology and die and extrusion of the cylinder, lubrication, such as unreasonable bring various points in the metal flow velocity difference is too large, resulting in a deformation of the profile, internal stress due to the large QianDongLi or lead to large amount of stretch of the profile size deviation.
A circular section of a circular section, such as the transverse section of a bar or tube, of varying diameters in each azimuth.
The bending length is not straight in the direction of length or width, showing the degree of the curve.
4 pull mark straight hook shape, visible to the naked eye to the local or full-length distribution of aluminum.
The cracks are usually straight in line, sometimes in the Y shape, often in the same direction as the drawing direction, but there are other directions, and the general opening is acute.
The surface of the corrosion material is partially overlapped, and there are obvious folds.
In the section of the layered material, there is an obvious separation of the metal structure. In severe cases, there are two or three layers, with visible inclusions between the layers.
8 distribution of bubble surface without rules is round, big and small convex hull, its outer edge is smooth, mostly take, also some not pluck up and shine after pickling flat surface, the layered shear section
9. The point on the surface of the profile is either partial or continuous, with the appearance of different densities, with a trailing or very small tumor, and the sensation of sharp prickles. Severe hemp spots similar to orange peel, larger and deeper than hemp.
10 After anodizing of black spot profile, there are approximately circular black and gray spots, which are different in size.
11 An expression of loose material that is not dense. After the slice is eroded by acid, it is expanded into many caves, according to its distribution can be divided into general loose and center loose.
12 The distribution of chemical compositions and non-metallic inclusions in the materials is not uniform. It can be divided into dendritic segregation, box segregation, point segregation and reverse segregation according to its manifestation.
13 shrinkage cavity residual in the central part of the transverse acid test film, showing irregular cavity or crack. Foreign impurities often remain in holes or cracks.
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| Heat sensitivity considerations of aluminium |
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Posted by: aluhm - 02-25-2018, 06:39 AM - Forum: Knowledge & Technique
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Often, the metal's sensitivity to heat must also be considered. Even a relatively routine workshop procedure involving heating is complicated by the fact that aluminium, unlike steel, will melt without first glowing red. Forming operations where a blow torch is used can reverse or remove heat treating, therefore is not advised whatsoever. No visual signs reveal how the material is internally damaged. Much like welding heat treated, high strength link chain, all strength is now lost by heat of the torch. The chain is dangerous and must be discarded.
Aluminium is subject to internal stresses and strains. Sometimes years later, as is the tendency of improperly welded aluminium bicycle frames to gradually twist out of alignment from the stresses of the welding process. Thus, the aerospace industry avoids heat altogether by joining parts with rivets of like metal composition, other fasteners, or adhesives.
Stresses in overheated aluminium can be relieved by heat-treating the parts in an oven and gradually cooling it—in effect annealing the stresses. Yet these parts may still become distorted, so that heat-treating of welded bicycle frames, for instance, can result in a significant fraction becoming misaligned. If the misalignment is not too severe, the cooled parts may be bent into alignment. Of course, if the frame is properly designed for rigidity (see above), that bending will require enormous force.
Aluminium's intolerance to high temperatures has not precluded its use in rocketry; even for use in constructing combustion chambers where gases can reach 3500 K. The Agena upper stage engine used a regeneratively cooled aluminium design for some parts of the nozzle, including the thermally critical throat region; in fact the extremely high thermal conductivity of aluminium prevented the throat from reaching the melting point even under massive heat flux, resulting in a reliable, lightweight component.
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| Aluminium alloys versus types of steel |
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Posted by: aluhm - 02-25-2018, 06:36 AM - Forum: Knowledge & Technique
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Aluminium alloys typically have an elastic modulus of about 70 GPa, which is about one-third of the elastic modulus of most kinds of steel and steel alloys. Therefore, for a given load, a component or unit made of an aluminium alloy will experience a greater deformation in the elastic regime than a steel part of identical size and shape. Though there are aluminium alloys with somewhat-higher tensile strengths than the commonly used kinds of steel, simply replacing a steel part with an aluminium alloy might lead to problems.
With completely new metal products, the design choices are often governed by the choice of manufacturing technology. Extrusions are particularly important in this regard, owing to the ease with which aluminium alloys, particularly the Al–Mg–Si series, can be extruded to form complex profiles.
In general, stiffer and lighter designs can be achieved with Aluminium alloy than is feasible with steels. For instance, consider the bending of a thin-walled tube: the second moment of area is inversely related to the stress in the tube wall, i.e. stresses are lower for larger values. The second moment of area is proportional to the cube of the radius times the wall thickness, thus increasing the radius (and weight) by 26% will lead to a halving of the wall stress. For this reason, bicycle frames made of aluminium alloys make use of larger tube diameters than steel or titanium in order to yield the desired stiffness and strength. In automotive engineering, cars made of aluminium alloys employ space frames made of extruded profiles to ensure rigidity. This represents a radical change from the common approach for current steel car design, which depend on the body shells for stiffness, known as unibody design.
Aluminium alloys are widely used in automotive engines, particularly in cylinder blocks and crankcases due to the weight savings that are possible. Since aluminium alloys are susceptible to warping at elevated temperatures, the cooling system of such engines is critical. Manufacturing techniques and metallurgical advancements have also been instrumental for the successful application in automotive engines. In the 1960s, the aluminium cylinder heads of the Corvair earned a reputation for failure and stripping of threads, which is not seen in current aluminium cylinder heads.
An important structural limitation of aluminium alloys is their lower fatigue strength compared to steel. In controlled laboratory conditions, steels display a fatigue limit, which is the stress amplitude below which no failures occur – the metal does not continue to weaken with extended stress cycles. Aluminium alloys do not have this lower fatigue limit and will continue to weaken with continued stress cycles. Aluminium alloys are therefore sparsely used in parts that require high fatigue strength in the high cycle regime (more than 107 stress cycles).
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| Aluminum alloy characteristics of different brands |
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Posted by: haomeialu - 02-25-2018, 06:33 AM - Forum: Knowledge & Technique
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The International Alloy Designation System is the most widely accepted naming scheme for wrought alloys. Each alloy is given a four-digit number, where the first digit indicates the major alloying elements, the second — if different from 0 — indicates a variation of the alloy, and the third and fourth digits identify the specific alloy in the series. For example, in alloy 3105, the number 3 indicates the alloy is in the manganese series, 1 indicates the first modification of alloy 3005, and finally 05 identifies it in the 3000 series.
1000 series are essentially pure aluminium with a minimum 99% aluminium content by weight and can be work hardened.
2000 series are alloyed with copper, can be precipitation hardened to strengths comparable to steel. Formerly referred to as duralumin, they were once the most common aerospace alloys, but were susceptible to stress corrosion cracking and are increasingly replaced by 7000 series in new designs.
3000 series are alloyed with manganese, and can be work hardened.
4000 series are alloyed with silicon. Variations of Aluminum-silicon alloys intended for casting (and therefore not included in 4000 series) are also known as silumin.
5000 series are alloyed with magnesium, and offer superb corrosion resistance, making them suitable for marine applications. Also, 5083 alloy has the highest strength of not heat-treated alloys.
6000 series are alloyed with magnesium and silicon. They are easy to machine, are weldable, and can be precipitation hardened, but not to the high strengths that 2000 and 7000 can reach. 6061 alloy is one of the most commonly used general-purpose aluminium alloys.
7000 series are alloyed with zinc, and can be precipitation hardened to the highest strengths of any aluminium alloy (ultimate tensile strength up to 700 MPa for the 7068 alloy).
8000 series are alloyed with other elements which are not covered by other series. Aluminium-lithium alloys are an example
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| Industrial aluminum profile gradually becomes a "new star" of aluminum industry in th |
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Posted by: haomeialu - 02-25-2018, 06:26 AM - Forum: Knowledge & Technique
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In the blink of an eye, 2017 is coming to an end. In the past year, China's aluminum industry is a time to be called "moisture", especially in the second half of the country again tightened real estate policies, to rely mostly on architectural aluminum business "worse". The so-called "people are in a state of poverty", in the construction of aluminium profiles once again "hit the wall" aluminum enterprises began to focus on industrial aluminum profiles.
Relative architectural aluminum, industrial aluminum higher request to enterprise's production technology and equipment, in the early stage of the development, may need to aluminum companies invest a lot of money, for the operating conditions is not very ideal aluminum makers may be unaffordable. But the introduction of the country's 13th five-year plan may encourage aluminum companies to "gamble" for future returns.
From the past "twelfth five-year" period of domestic aluminum consumption structure, the transportation is one of the important consumer sector, industrial aluminum profile, in 2015, transportation quantity 21% aluminum, accounted for 6% lower than the global average, with the development of traffic vehicle lightweight, proportion will also have faster growth.
The transportation industry can be divided into four areas: automobile manufacturing, shipbuilding, rail transit and aerospace.
Automobile industry:
In the latest "13th five-year" plan, the auto industry has not been cut into the overcapacity industry, but it is the industry that the country needs to develop vigorously. In march of this year, the China association of automobile manufacturers issued "views" much starker choices-and graver consequences-in "automobile industry development planning", according to "much starker choices-and graver consequences-in planning objectives, off sales reached 28 million cars in China in 2020, exports accounted for 10%, the total export scale to 2.8 million vehicles, including brand new energy auto sales to 1 million in China. Automotive engineering society of China published "energy conservation and new energy automotive technology roadmap" clearly put forward, in 2020, 2025 and 2035, production and sales scale will reach 30 million units in vehicles, 35 million, 38 million vehicles, including sales of new energy vehicles proportion to reach 7%, 15%, and 40%, respectively.
According to the latest technology roadmap for energy conservation and new energy vehicles, in 2030, the amount of aluminum used in automobiles is more than 350 kg. At present, the average amount of aluminium in developed countries is 145kg, compared with 105kg in China and 350kg. Therefore, for the automobile manufacturing industry, the future aluminum market space is very broad.
At present, all the big car companies have started to increase the use of aluminum in cars. Jaguar land rover's latest domestic model, jaguar XFL, even USES an all-aluminum body, with an aluminum penetration rate of 75%. In addition, such as Mercedes, Cadillac and so on, the popularity of aluminum in passenger cars seems to be only a matter of time. And popularization of vehicle is most likely to achieve full aluminium car city express transport, according to the express industry "change plan", the next five years, urban express car to replace all with aluminum alloy new energy vehicles.
Shipbuilding industry:
![[Image: 20170508090600849.jpg]](http://www.mei-hang.com/uploadfile/2017/0508/20170508090600849.jpg)
Mainland China has more than 18000 km of coastline, there are more than 500, more than 500 square meters of islands island coastline of more than 14000 kilometers, the demand for ships is quite large, combined with the periphery of the scramble for China's maritime rights and interests in recent years, bring huge challenges the Marine management and law enforcement. To this end, the party "18th party congress" put forward the goal of "building maritime power". And made in China 2025 also includes Marine engineering equipment and high-tech ships in one of the top ten areas.
Due to its huge advantages and excellent corrosion resistance, aluminum is undoubtedly an important material used in the future construction of ships. The aluminum alloy high-speed law enforcement official boat has been serving in the U.S. coast guard, Japan coast guard and other Marine law enforcement agencies. Some countries still use aluminum alloy build the yachts and fishing boats, boat, high speed boat, work craft, glider, hydrofoil, hovercraft, hydrofoil, transport, patrol boat and mine ships, etc. In the current Marine transport ships, the use of aluminum alloy is also very high, in many key parts have succeeded in replacing the steel, and gradually show the advantages.
However, our country is not yet officially started in this field, which is undoubtedly a huge market with the population base of our country.
Rail transit:
"Much starker choices-and graver consequences-in planning according to the country, by 2020, the national railway mileage will reach 140000 km to 150000 km, including high speed railway is 50000 km to 50000 km, to be completed during the period of" much starker choices-and graver consequences-in "high-speed rail total mileage of 33000 km, 16000 km than at the end of the 12th five-year increased 1.0625 times, built high-speed network basic skeleton. At the same time, the state has also reduced the number of people in major cities reporting the minimum number of subway trains from 3 million to 1.5 million, which would increase the number of cities that can build the subway from 30 to 90. The main material, whether it is high-speed rail or subway car, is aluminum. According to experts, the compound annual growth rate of rail transit equipment manufacturing should be over 22 percent from now until 2030. Industry experts pointed out that those who maglev train and in more than 200 kilometers per hour of high-speed train car body must adopt aluminum alloy material, at 350 kilometers per hour above the train carriages all aluminium profile should be used in addition to the chassis. The manufacture of rail vehicles not only needs to apply the large sections, but also use some boards, foil, pipes, forgings, etc., and the small sections such as doors and Windows, luggage racks, decorative pieces, storage cabinets, carts and so on. Generally speaking, the aluminium alloy used in a high-speed railway carriage is about 10 tons, and the weight of the whole body is 30% ~ 50% less than that of all steel used. At present, maglev vehicles and high-speed trains with speeds of more than 200km/h have all been aluminized, and the aluminizing rate of other rail car bodies has exceeded 40 per cent. It is provided by southwest aluminum with 13,000 aluminum and aluminum railway trains, which have been successively put on the railway and shenhua railway line in China, which is in good condition. Compared with stainless steel, all aluminum trucks have a reduction of about 700 kg per vehicle. Rail transit aluminum, has become the future domestic aluminum profile market new blue sea.
Although the main aluminum alloys of railway cars are mainly purchased from state-owned aluminum enterprises and large private aluminum enterprises, it is always right to be prepared when the flood orders come in the future.
![[Image: 20170508090631308.jpg]](http://www.mei-hang.com/uploadfile/2017/0508/20170508090631308.jpg)
Aerospace industry:
In aerospace action again and again this year in China, the first issued "on the guidance to promote the development of general aviation", put forward during the period of "much starker choices-and graver consequences-in" general aviation development goal: by 2020, built more than 500 general airport, general aircraft amounting to more than 5000 years for atc reaches more than 2 million hours. The three figures are 1.67 times, 2.29 times and 2.72 times in 2015, with investment exceeding 1 trillion yuan. Soon after, a Chinese aero-engine company was set up to acquire the technology ownership of the world's largest transport aircraft, the an225. Avic established the helicopter company and general aircraft company, Chinese business flying the ARJ21 new regional aircraft will be delivered batch of production and operation, the C919 large passenger aircraft design and manufacturing to testing, forensics, and will deliver it. The aviation industry's "Chinese dream" is encouraging.
In foreign countries, China's aviation aluminum is also favored by the world's two largest aviation giants, Boeing and airbus. In may, the company signed a procurement framework agreement between 2017 and 2023 with French airbus, becoming the sole supplier of a certain type of aluminium alloy for airbus. On October 27, 27, Boeing company in tianjin, China announced that were signed and shandong nanshan aluminium aviation aluminum supply initial agreement, the future Boeing aircraft aluminum sheet will be provided by the company. Another aluminum industry leader in shandong, yuhang alloy, has also been investigated by Boeing, a us company, and believes further cooperation will emerge in the future.
Although aerospace may is the highest technical threshold in four areas, but the domestic several aluminum enterprises successfully get orders, will undoubtedly bring aluminum industry, will also bring more of the aluminum companies in improving localization rate of this kind of high-end aluminum, aluminum giant with the world "to break off the wrist".
![[Image: 20170508090705863.jpg]](http://www.mei-hang.com/uploadfile/2017/0508/20170508090705863.jpg)
In today's real estate market gradually came to the bottleneck, architectural aluminium profile of the road ahead is no longer as wide as before, the transformation of production of industrial aluminum, no matter from the policy, or on the market of it is the trend of The Times.
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| Mobike: new world of aluminum applications |
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Posted by: haomeialu - 02-25-2018, 06:23 AM - Forum: Knowledge & Technique
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Inadvertently, in city life shuttle vehicle with a "special" - share the bike, and worship the bike (mobike) is one of the most let a person familiar with the industry, a netizen called 2016 live in the city if you don't know the worship the bike seems to be OUT!
Why is a little bike so eye-catching? It is mainly because of the technology of the "motorcycle", including all-aluminum body, solid proof tire, axle transmission, Internet of things and other advanced technologies. Here we focus on the all-aluminum frame used by mobike.
It is well known that light, fast and flexible is the ultimate goal of a bicycle frame, and the materials used in bicycle frame are generally as follows:
Chrome molybdenum steel frame: before the 1990s, the bicycle frame was dominated by chrome molybdenum steel. Its distortion performance and tensile properties are good, and the high temperature of welding will not affect the material. The price is cheap, but the weight is heavy and easy to be oxidized.
Carbon fiber frame: light, and can absorb the impact of the ground, the material of the reverse force fast, is the ideal bicycle frame material. The higher the degree of carbon fiber, the higher the elasticity of tonnage, and the higher the price. There are several manufacturing methods, such as adhesives on the mold, overlapping carbon fiber, heat treatment, solidification, molding, etc.
Titanium frame: titanium is 55% lighter than steel, and it is not easy to oxidize. In order to improve tensile strength, there are titanium alloys such as mixed aluminum and vanadium. Welding must be done in a vacuum, such as processing complex, the frame is expensive.
Aluminum frame: aluminum alloy frame light and rigid. The weight of one frame is only 1 kilogram, and the rust resistance is excellent.
Performance in the frame, aluminum alloy frame under the weight of the same material can withstand more outdoor weathered the test of special frequent rain the weather of the south, all aluminum frame is more suitable for the bicycle used in outdoor environment demand.
However, from the practical application experience, there is still a lot of room for improvement. First of all, from the official operating cost, the motorcycle cost of the whole aluminum body is decreasing. It is understood that in the early stage of the production of the construction plant in jiangsu, the initial production cost reached 6000 yuan per vehicle, and then the cost of production increased to 3,000 yuan. Second, for the aluminum frame itself, it is light, performance is excellent.
Therefore, in the future, with the continuous growth of the Shared bicycle market, there will be a lot of room for development of the all-aluminum frame. According to the China bicycle association, China's bicycle production in recent years about 80 million vehicles a year, in terms of Shared bicycle market, according to public information display, including worship, ofo: nearly 30 Shared bicycle manufacturers accumulated on the Shared cycling in cities have more than 300000 vehicles, mainly concentrated in Beijing, Shanghai, guangzhou, shenzhen, chengdu, etc. According to wang xiaofeng, co-founder and CEO of mobike, in December 2016, there were more than 100, 000 in a single city in Shanghai, and mobai planned to complete 100,000 vehicles in chengdu.
According to public data, the weight of a small orange car with a aluminum alloy frame is 25 kilograms.
With the development of related technologies and the reduction of material costs, aluminum alloy will be used more on the bicycle frame, and the all-aluminum bicycle frame will definitely bring us a better experience. The aluminum market for bicycles is not to be underestimated. In addition, according to relevant people, the aluminum alloy components used in the motorcycle are mainly purchased from the new materials company.
![[Image: 20170508090842629.jpg]](http://www.mei-hang.com/uploadfile/2017/0508/20170508090842629.jpg)
Mobike, the English name mobike, is an Internet short-distance travel solution developed by hu weiwei's Beijing moai technology co., LTD., which is the smart hardware for the no-load return model. People can quickly rent and return a mobike via a smartphone, and use affordable prices to complete a few miles of short rides. To promote green travel to earth day "a gift".
Using the mobike smartphone app, users can use their mobile phones to check their location, then make an appointment and find the car. You can start cycling by scanning the qr code on your car. After arriving at the destination, manually lock the car in the white line area of the street to complete the return procedure.
Mobike has abandoned a stationary pile, allowing users to park their bikes in a parked area with a government draw line. Users simply close their bikes and leave. Embedded chip, GPS module and SIM card are integrated inside the body lock so that mobber can monitor the specific location of the bike on the road.
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